Lithuanian cuisine features products suited to the cool and moist northern climate of Lithuania: barley, potatoes, rye, beets, greens, berries, and mushrooms are locally grown, and dairy products are one of its specialties. Since it shares its climate and agricultural practices with Northern Europe, Lithuanian cuisine has much in common with its Baltic neighbors and, in general, northern countries. It also shares some traditions with Polish and Ukrainian that date back to the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Lithuanian cuisine also influenced Polish and Rhutenian cusines. Lithuanian cuisine it has its own distinguishing features, which were formed by a variety of influences during the country's long, difficult and interesting history. Long agricultural and foraging traditions along with foreign influences formed a Lithuanian cuisine. Various ways of pickling were used to preserve food for winter.
German traditions have had a big influence on Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato dishes, such as potato pudding (kugelis or kugel) and intestines stuffed with mashed potato (v?darai), as well as the baroque tree cake known as ?akotis. Because of their common heritage, Lithuanians, Belarusians, Poles, and Jews (Litvaks) also share some dishes and beverages. The most exotic of all the influences is Eastern (Karaite) cuisine, and the dishes kibinai and ?eburekai are popular in Lithuania. Soups are extremely popular, and are widely regarded as the key to good health. Lithuanian noblemen usually hired French chefs - French cuisine influence came to Lithuania it this way .
Despite the apparent richness of the cuisine, Lithuania has a very low prevalence of obesity.8 Lithuanian restaurants are listed in White Guide Baltic Top 30.
Video Lithuanian cuisine
History of Lithuanian cuisine
The earliest mentionings about food and agriculture of Baltic people(Aestii) and their and customs comes from Tacitus circa 98 AD:"they cultivate grain and other crops with a perseverance unusual among the indolent Germans."
IXth century traveller Wulfstan attested usage of mead among West Balts: "There is a great deal of honey and fishing. The king and the most powerful men drink mare's milk, the poor men and the slaves drink mead. <...> There is no ale brewed among the Este but there is plenty of mead."
In middle ages, hunting was the main way to provide oneself with meat. It is known, that Vytautas The Great before the Battle of ?algiris organized a big hunting in the Baltvy?is forest and prepared barrels of salt-cured meat for the army. Game was also a staple of nobleman - wisents, aurochs, deers were hunted. Lithuania had a long lasting wars(about 200 years) with Teutonic Order. It also kept diplomatic relationships with it, during which various presents were exchanged - it is known what Teutonic Order sent a rare wine to Anna, Grand Duchess of Lithuania, wife of Vytautas the Great, in 1416. At this time Lithuanian nobleman already imported saffron, cinnamon, rice, pepper, raisins for their needs.
Bona Sforza, Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania, introduced the fork and traditional Italian food - olives, olive oil; made wine and wheat flour more popular. Parsnips, cauliflowers, spinach and even artichokes were introduced and grown. It is assumed that Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania had their own kitchen garden. In XVI rulers and nobleman of Lithuania consumed grapes, oranges, melons, raspberries, strawberries, cherries, plumes.
Potato growing fact in Lithuania is known from XVII century(in 1640 in Vilnius), but it became more widespread only in XVIII century.
Maps Lithuanian cuisine
Bread
One of the oldest and most fundamental Lithuanian food products was and is rye bread. Rye bread is eaten every day for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Bread played an important role in family rituals and agrarian ceremonies. Traditionally, the centerpiece of Lithuanian cuisine is dark rye bread (rugin? duona) which is used more often than light wheat breads. The dough is usually based on a sourdough starter, and includes some wheat flour to lighten the finished product. Rye bread is often eaten as an open-faced sandwich, buttered or spread with cheese. It is sometimes flavored with caraway, or with some onion. Traditional bread is baked on sweet flag leaves.
Some varieties of Lithuanian bread contain whole seeds of rye and wheat; this type of bread is referred to as gr?d?toji, i.e. "seeded" bread.
Two types of bagel, Riestainis and D?iuv?sis, are produced there also.
Vegetables and spices
The most commonly used vegetable in Lithuanian recipes is the potato; in its simplest forms, it is boiled, baked, or sauteed, often garnished with dill, but a tremendous variety of potato recipes exist. Potatoes were introduced into Lithuania in the late 18th century, were found to prosper in its climate, and soon became indispensable.
Cucumbers, dill pickles, radishes and greens are quite popular. Beets (burokai) are grown more widely than in other areas of the world, and are often used for making borscht and side dishes. Cabbage is another popular vegetable, used as a basis for soups, or wrapped around fillings (baland?liai). Tomatoes are now available year-round in stores, but those home-grown in family greenhouses are still considered superior.
Lithuanian herbs and seasonings include mustard seed, horseradish (krienai), dill (krapai), caraway seed (kmynai), garlic, bay leaf, juniper berries (kadagio uogos), and fruit essences. Vanilla and pepper were scarce during the Soviet occupation, but were welcomed back after independence. The cuisine is relatively mild.
Berries and mushrooms
One of the prides of Lithuanian cuisine is its wide use of wild berries and mushrooms and this foraging tradition is pretty much alive to this day.
Mushrooming is a popular pastime from mid-summer to autumn. As a staple, mushrooms are usually harvested in the forest; occasionally they are purchased at roadside markets, especially on the road in the Dz?kija region from Druskininkai to Vilnius; the purchasing of mushrooms in shops is rare. Despite its status as a delicacy, mushrooms are thought of by many Lithuanians as hard to digest. A number of mushroom species are harvested from the wild, including:
- Baravykas - king bolete;
- Voverait? (literally, "little squirrel"), lepe?ka (in Dz?kija region) - chanterelle;
- Gudukas, vokietukas, kalpokas, vi?tel? - gypsy mushroom.
Baravykas is the most valued and sought-after species; the primary usages are drying and marinating. Dried baravykas has a strong pleasant scent and is used as seasoning in soups and sauces. Voverait? is often used fresh as a seasoning in soups or sauteed. Most common dish of this mushroom is voverait? sauteed with chopped bulb onions and potatoes. Gudukas, arguably the most locally abundant of edible mushrooms due to its lower popularity, is usually marinated. Other edible mushrooms, such as lep?? (Leccinum scabrum), raudonvir?is or raudonikis (literally, "red-topped") (Leccinum aurantiacum), makavykas (Suillus variegatus), ?ilbaravykis (Xerocomus badius), are more rare, but are also gathered and may be used in the same ways as baravykas.
Wild berries are also gathered or, even more frequently than mushrooms, purchased at roadside markets or shops. Bilberries (m?lyn?s) and lingonberries (brukn?s) are the two most abundant species of wild berries. Cranberries (spanguol?s) are valued, but their cultivation is limited to certain boggy areas, such as those adjacent to ?epkeliai Marsh. Sour cranberry or lingonberry jam and sweet bilberry jam are all considered excellent sauces for pancakes (blynai). Lingonberry jam is occasionally used as a dressing for fried chicken or turkey or as a sauce for other savory dishes. Fresh bilberries may be put into a cold milk soup. Wild strawberries (?emuog?s) are relatively scarce and are usually gathered for immediate consumption.
Fruit
Apples, plums, and pears, which grow well in Lithuania, are the most commonly used fruit. Because they cannot tolerate frost, tropical fruit such as citrus, bananas and pineapples must be imported, and hence were used less often in the past; however, these fruits are now becoming more typical and are widely consumed. During the autumn harvest, fruit is often simmered and spiced to create fruit stews (kompots). Gooseberries (agrastai) and currants (serbentai) are widely cultivated; they are sweetened, made into jams and baked goods, and provide a piquant touch to desserts. Small local producers make fine fruit wines from raspberries, and especially blackcurrants; apple icewine is also produced.
Meat
The most frequently used meat is pork, followed by beef, lamb, chicken, turkey, and duck; for immediate consumption it is often grilled, or dusted with breadcrumbs and sauteed, in a dish similar to schnitzel. For bigger gatherings, oven roasts are prepared. The need for meat preservation no longer presents the urgency that it did during the Soviet occupation or previous times of trouble, but many favorite techniques survive, include brining, salting, drying and smoking. There are many varieties of smoked pork, including ham and a soft sausage with a large-grained filling; these are served as a main course or thinly sliced in sandwiches. Skilandis is a popular Lithuanian sausage added to the list of EU's Protected Designations of Origin.
Fish
Fish, such as pike or perch, are often baked whole or stuffed, or made into gefilte fish. Herring is marinated, baked, fried, or served in aspic. Salmon is also a popular dish often served with a cream sauce, vegetables, and rice.
Smoked fish such as eel or bream are popular entrees and appetizers in areas near the Baltic Sea, especially in Neringa.
Crayfish are also popular and are usually eaten in the summertime.
Dairy products
Dairy products play an important role in Lithuanian cuisine; curd cheese (similar to cottage cheese) may be sweet, sour, seasoned with caraway, fresh, or cured until semi-soft. The most popular way of eating Lithuanian non-fermented white cheese is with fresh honey; it can also be cooked with spices and enjoyed with tea. Lithuanian butters and cream are unusually rich. Sour cream is so prominent in Lithuanian cuisine, that it is eaten with everything - meat, fish, pancakes, soups, desserts, salads and so on. Lithuanian curd snacks called s?reliai are popular too. Also, a big variety of different soured milk products are available in the supermarkets, though many people still prefer making their own soured milk. Traditional Lithuanian curd cheese has a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) label. Lithuanians started fermenting cheese around the 16th century in the region of Samogitia. Across Samogitian borders, this cheese was known as Lithuanian cheese. Semi-hard cheese Liliputas in 2015 was included in EU Protected Designation of Origin and Protected Geographical Indication product lists.
Random list of dishes
- Bulvini? kukuli? sriuba - minced potatoes formed into small balls, and boiled in milk. These are usually made from the same potato mixture used in cepelinai.
- Cabbage soup flavored with carrots, ham, onions, sauerkraut or all of these and boiled with lard.
- Cucumber soup - broth is pureed with cucumbers and sweet or sour cream, often garnished with dill.
- Juka - blood soup from the southern region of Lithuania.
- Lapien? - greens such as sorrel or spinach are braised and added to a creamy broth.
- Sauerkraut soup - often seasoned with pork, carrots, onions, and bay leaves.
- Bar??iai - hot borscht (beet soup); it is served uncreamed or blended with sour cream or buttermilk; sometimes chopped Boletus mushrooms are added.
- ?altibar??iai - cold borscht is a summer soup based on beets and milk kefir or sour milk, colored a shocking pink. It is made with cooked or pickled shredded beets and various other chopped vegetables, such as cucumber, dill, or green onions. Hot boiled potatoes, cold sour cream, and diced hard-boiled eggs are often served alongside to add color, texture, and thermal contrast.
- Vi?tienos sultinys - chicken broth is always popular, especially for the elderly and ill.
- Kepta duona - black bread fried in oil and rubbed with garlic, often served with beer.and or an alcoholic beverage of some sort
- ?daryti kiau?iniai - Hard-boiled eggs are split, stuffed and garnished; similar to deviled eggs.
- ?daryti pomidorai - Tomatoes are cut in half and filled with a savory stuffing.
- Pir?teliai prie alaus - These "little fingers" are thin, rolled-up puff pastries served with beer.
- La?iniai - (non-rendered pork underskin fat with little or no meat, known in Russian and Ukrainian as salo) is a popular appetizer in villages where it is produced locally, and is usually consumed in the form of a sandwich with unbuttered bread and bulb onions or other vegetables.
- Kotletai or Frikad?l?s - soft minced meat and/or onion patties, often served with potatoes, sliced cucumber,dill pickle and/or grated beats and a sauce.
- Man? Putra/Ko?? - Semolina wheat porridge/pudding topped with butter, cinnamon, sugar and/or berries. It is common as a breakfast dish or as a dessert.
- Aspic or meat jelly (?altiena or ko?eliena) - many savory foodstuffs are presented in gelatin molds, especially herring; horseradish is often served as a condiment.
- Blynai or Lietiniai, Sklind?iai - although blynai is often translated as pancakes, they are usually more similar to crepes. They are either wafer-thin, as crepes are, or made from a yeast-risen batter, often mixed with grated apple or potato.
-
- K?daini? blynai - grated raw potato pancakes, similar to latkes.
- ?emai?i? blynai - similar to K?daini? blynai, made from boiled potatoes and filled with chopped cooked meat
- Lietiniai - large, usually square blintzes made from thin crepes filled with minced meat, cheese with cinnamon, or minced sauteed mushrooms.
- Buckwheat pancakes - traditional dish in Dz?kija
- Baland?liai ("little doves") - cabbage leaves stuffed with meat and braised.
- De?ra - sausages are made in many different ways: they may be smoked or fresh, and include pork, beef, potatoes, or barley; in rural areas, blood may be added.
- Did?kukuliai or Cepelinai (zeppelins) - potato dumplings stuffed with meat, mushrooms, or cheese, often garnished with spirgai, fried minced onion and bacon or sour cream.
- Kastinys - sour cream "butter"; sour cream is kneaded and washed until it forms a soft spread. A traditional dish in Samogitia.
- Kibinai - pastry with mutton and onions, a Karaite dish.
- Kukuliai - Potato dumplings similar to gnocchi.
- Kold?nai, Virtiniai, Ausel?s - these are various kinds of dumplings, filled with minced meat, sausage, cottage cheese, or mushrooms, usually garnished with crumbled fried bacon. They are similar to Polish pierogi or ko?duny, but are usually smaller.
- Kugelis (also bulvi? plok?tainis, the lexically correct non-foreign name, literally "flat potato dish" or banda - this usage predominates in the Dz?kija region) - potato pudding made with grated potatoes and eggs. It is usually served with sour cream or spirgai. Also served with diced bacon and diced onion cooked in the bacon fat.
- ?altnosiukai ("cold little noses") - dumplings filled with lingonberries, not found anywhere outside Lithuania.
- Skilandis or Kindziukas - pig stomach stuffed with meat and garlic and cold-smoked.
- Suktiniai - ("beef birds") - beef or pork is pounded until very thin, filled and rolled up, and braised. An example of this is zrazai, which are Lithuanian or East European beef rolls. See image at right.
- ?vilpikai - an oven-baked potato snaps.
- Tro?kinti rauginti kop?stai - a stew made with sauerkraut and the cook's choice of meats and vegetables.
- V?darai - large intestine of a domestic pig stuffed with grated potato mash.
Lithuanian-style cakes (pyragas) are often baked in a rectangular pan and sometimes have apple, plum, apricot, or other fruit baked in; they are less frequently iced than is customary in the United States. These cakes are cut into squares for serving. Poppy seed is sometimes used as a swirl filling in dessert bread (Poppy seed roll and ?imtalapis) and as a flavoring in other pastries.
For special occasions, torte may be prepared; they often consist of 10 to 20 layers, filled with jam and vanilla, chocolate, mocha, or rum buttercreams; they are lavishly decorated. Lithuanian coffeehouses (kavin?) serve a variety of tortes and pastries to attract evening strollers.
Desserts include:
- ?agar?liai (also known as krustai or chrustai) - Twisted, thin deep-fried pastries dusted with powdered sugar; identical to Scandinavian Klejner cookies, similar to Mexican buñuelo.
- K??iukai or ?li?ikai - very small rolls are baked and served with poppyseed milk; this is a traditional K??ios' (Christmas Eve) dish.
- Ledai - ice cream is served everywhere in the summer.
- Spurgos - a Lithuanian variant of doughnuts, often filled with preserves.
- ?akotis (also called raguotis) - a Lithuanian variant of German baumkuchen, with a very distinctive branching form; it is essentially a poundcake grilled layer by layer.
- Tinginys - prepared with biscuits or crackers, cocoa, butter, sugar and solidified milk
- Skruzd?lynas ("anthill") - consists of individual pastries stacked on top of one another, sprinkled with poppy seeds and glazed with honey and nuts.
- Alus (beer) is extremely popular throughout the country, especially again since restoration of the Independence in 1990. Several Lithuanian beers have won international awards. Local breweries are enjoying a renaissance.
- Arbata (tea) - chamomile, rosehip, and other herbal teas are popular as well as black tea. Many herbal infusions are used for medicinal purposes.
- Gira (kvass) is a non alcoholic beverage made by the natural fermentation of wheat, rye, or barley bread, sometimes flavoured with fruit, berries, raisins or birch sap; it is similar to Russian or Ukrainian kvass. Those brewed from rye bread and from caraway seed are popular and distributed in glass bottles. There is also a carbonated soft drink known as gira, which is distributed in plastic bottles, but it shares neither taste nor production technology with the original beverage.
- Degtin? ("the burn") is the Lithuanian version of vodka, made from rye, wheat or potatoes. Produced domestically, its quality ranges from basic to triple-distilled.
- Kava (coffee) is brewed in espresso makers at home, or with espresso machines in cafes. It is quite strong, and usually sweetened. Coffeehouses (kavin?) can be found not only on every street corner in towns but at highway rest stops and at every point of interest.
- Midus is said to be the most ancient Lithuanian alcoholic beverage; it is a variety of mead made from honey.
- Starka, an aged vodka, as well as Krupnikas, a honey liqueur, are traditional drinks dating from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th - 18th centuries. Today, genuine Starka is only produced in Poland, and Lithuanian Starka is rather a form of trauktin?.
- Trauktin?(a bitters) is a strong herbal vodka; there are many varieties. It is also used as a traditional medicine. Trejos devynerios ("999"), steeped with 27 different herbs, is one of the best known.
Special occasions
- Easter - The intricately painted Easter eggs that were prepared earlier in the week are eaten for breakfast. The diners touch their eggs together as a sort of toast (among the children, this custom sometimes devolves into a smashing contest). Dinner may be roast goose or ham and accompaniments. Dessert is often a cake made to resemble a birch log, or cookies shaped and decorated as mushrooms.
- Birthdays - The family's favorite cake is served. Traditionally in Lithuania the day of the saint after whom one was named was celebrated by the family as well as one's own birth date; for instance, a John would celebrate his name day on St. John's Day (Jonin?s), June 23.
- Christmas Eve (K??ios) - Twelve dishes are presented on a table spread with hay and lit by candles. No animal products, including dairy products or eggs, can be consumed as part of this meal. However, fish is permitted and regularly forms part of the meal. This custom is widespread in Catholic Eastern Europe, but traditions vary to different families. It is supposed that rituals and servicing of the Christmas Eve table reflects the most ancient Lithuanian traditions.
- Weddings - The widest possible variety of courses are served. A special bread is sometimes baked and adorned with flowers and bird-shaped decorations, or a ?akotis is decorated. The ideal Lithuanian wedding lasts at least two days, so a great deal of cooking and baking goes on.
- Funerals - The bereaved family usually hosts a dinner for all the mourners at a restaurant or other similar venue.
- Informal gatherings and cocktail parties - The hosts often serve small open-face sandwiches, similar to those at a Scandinavian smorgasbord, topped with smoked fish, sausage, cucumbers, and so forth. Flavored vodkas, which may have been concocted with fruits and herbs according to the host's or hostess's own family recipe, may be served.
Beer
Beer is the most common alcoholic beverage. Lithuania has a long farmhouse beer tradition, first mentioned in 11th century chronicles. Beer was brewed for ancient Baltic festivities and rituals. Lithuania is not very well known for its beer worldwide, but it is one of the few countries in Europe to have an independent beer tradition in which breweries do not simply brew beers in styles developed elsewhere. Traditional farmhouse brewing has survived into the present day in Lithuania, and during Soviet times such brewing started to be expanded to a larger scale. After independence this process gathered speed, and soon there were more than 200 breweries in the country. Many of these have since gone out of business, but Lithuania still has about 80 breweries, of which perhaps 60-70 produce beers in styles unknown in the rest of the world. Some of these are very close to the traditional brews made by farmers, while others have developed out of that tradition as a consequence of the growth of the traditional brewers into reasonably large regional breweries.
Farmhouse brewing survived to a greater extent in Lithuania than anywhere else, and through accidents of history the Lithuanians then developed a commercial brewing culture from their unique farmhouse traditions. Lithuania is top 5 by consumption of beer per capita in Europe in 2015, counting 75 active breweries, 32 of them are microbreweries.
The microbrewery scene in Lithuania has been growing in later years, with a number of bars focusing on these beers popping up in Vilnius and also in other parts of the country. Local beers have started to attract international attention after beer bloggers discovered the country, inspiring a major feature article in Beer Connoiseur magazine, prompting the New York Times to list Lithuania as one of the 42 places to visit in 2013 on the strength of the village beers. Beer routes are organized through the main breweries in Nothern Lithuania.
See also
- Finnish cuisine
- German cuisine
- Estonian cuisine
- Latvian cuisine
- Ukrainian cuisine
- Polish cuisine
Footnotes
Further reading
- (In Lithuanian) Rimvydas Lau?ikas. Istorin? Lietuvos virtuv?: maistas ir g?rimai Lietuvos Did?iojoje Kunigaik?tyst?je. Vilnius: Briedis, 2014. ISBN 978-9955-26-463-7
- (In Lithuanian) Prie stalo visa Lietuva: mityba ir maisto kult?ra nuo seniausi? laik? iki iki ?i? dien?. Kaunas: Terra Publica,2015. ISBN 978-609-8090-89-5
External links
- Samogitian traditional recipes
- Lithuanian traditional cuisine with recipes
- Lithuanian beer - a rough guide
Source of article : Wikipedia
0 Comments